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In plants, the first step in de novo biosynthesis of choline is the decarboxylation of serine into ethanolamine, which is catalyzed by a serine decarboxylase.[10] The synthesis of choline from ethanolamine may take place in three parallel pathways, where three consecutive N-methylation steps catalyzed by a methyl transferase are carried out on either the free-base,[11] phospho-bases,[12] or phosphatidyl-bases.[13] The source of the methyl group is S-adenosyl-L-methionine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is generated as a side product.[14]
Pharmacognosy Book Pdf Free 535
Choline occurs in foods as a free molecule and in the form of phospholipids, especially as phosphatidylcholines. Choline is highest in organ meats and egg yolks though it is found to a lesser degree in non-organ meats, grains, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Cooking oils and other food fats have about 5 mg/100 g of total choline.[6] In the United States, food labels express the amount of choline in a serving as a percentage of daily value (%DV) based on the adequate intake of 550 mg/day. 100% of the daily value means that a serving of food has 550 mg of choline.[21] "Total choline" is defined as the sum of free choline and choline-containing phospholipids, without accounting for mass fraction.[22][23][6]
Insufficient data is available to establish an estimated average requirement (EAR) for choline, so the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) established adequate intakes (AIs).[25] For adults, the AI for choline was set at 550 mg/day for men and 425 mg/day for women. These values have been shown to prevent hepatic alteration in men. However, the study used to derive these values did not evaluate whether less choline would be effective, as researchers only compared a choline-free diet to a diet containing 550 mg of choline per day. From this, the AIs for children and adolescents were extrapolated.[26][27]
The tumor cells proliferation occurs on the oxidative stress influence, which exerts on the cells a force for them to survive to this adversity. Therefore, this situation activates the redox signaling and, consequently, activator protein (AP-1) and NF-κB are also activated. Subsequently, tumor suppressor genes inhibition can also be observed [155]. In contrast, the antitumor activity of R. officinalis L. has been attributed to the antioxidant effect that the plant presents, such as free radicals elimination and lipid peroxidation control [156, 157]. This fact has been proven on cancerous lineages such as MCF-7 and colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) [158, 159].
Franz Bucar studied pharmacy at the University of Graz, Austria, where he also received his doctoral degree in natural sciences. He performed postdoctoral studies at the School of Pharmacy, University of London, studying alkaloids and flavonoids, and at Uppsala University for anti-inflammatory bioassays. Currently, he is associate professor in pharmacognosy at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz. His main research activities focus on analysis of traditional medicinal plants using bioassay-guided research strategies including antibacterial plant constituents as well as plant natural products as modulators of bacterial resistance.
Citrus sinensis are treasuries to deliver novel drugs and a significant aromatic medicinal plant reported to possess a broad spectrum of medicinal uses. The compounds present in these plants can deliver the potential therapeutic drug. A free web tool, SWISS ADME predictor, was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and medicinal chemistry friendliness of phytoconstituents under inve...
We excluded the following: papers in which NPT was used as a framework for systematic reviews or meta-syntheses; papers solely on patient and caregiver experiences; papers in which NPT was not the primary analytic theory; editorials, theory and methods discussion papers; papers containing passing references to NPT; study protocols; papers describing work undertaken in settings other than healthcare; and papers published in languages other than English. We also excluded theses or dissertations, books and book chapters, conference proceedings and abstracts. We did not exclude papers on the grounds of methodological quality. We already knew that the literature ranged from student projects through to process evaluations in large and well-designed clinical trials in which NPT informed all activities from design through process evaluation and follow-up, to interpretation of trial outcomes. All studies were equally interesting to us, because we were searching for information about the way in which the theory was used rather than the summative results of NPT analyses.
This book starts with a general introduction to phytochemistry, followed by chapters on plant constituents, their origins and chemistry, but also discussing animal-, microorganism- and mineral-based drugs. Further chapters cover vitamins, food additives and excipients as well as xenobiotics and poisons. The book also explores the herbal approach to disease management and molecular pharmacognosy and introduces methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant constituents.
Prof. Alamgir has been working as a Professor at the Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, for the last 30 years. He teaches plant physiology, biochemistry and pharmacognosy at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
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